How is this calculated?
Tax relief is the lesser of (a) your stated monthly contribution × marginal rate, and (b) the age-based monthly cap × marginal rate. The age cap is a percentage of your earnings (capped at €115,000): 15% under 30, 20% 30–39, 25% 40–49, 30% 50–54, 35% 55–59, 40% 60+.
Pension contributions reduce income tax at your marginal rate but do not reduce USC or PRSI — those are charged on gross pay. Where contributions push you back below the standard rate cut-off, the marginal relief drops from 40% to 20% for that slice. AVCs work the same way as regular contributions for relief purposes. At retirement the pot can flow into an ARF or annuity.